The Online Parallel Bible Project. By John Isett. A fast-loading site that includes the King James version, English Revised version (1885), American Standard version (1901), New American Standard, Young's Literal Translation, Webster's revision of the KJV, the Bible in Basic English, Darby's version, the Challoner-Rheims, the God's Word translation, the old Jewish Publication Society version of the OT, Tyndale's New Testament, and Weymouth's. Also has several Hebrew and Greek texts (including an interlinear NT with parsing and concordance), commentaries, etc.
The Bible Gateway. By Nick Hengeveld. Many versions for browsing or searching, including the American Standard Version (1901), New American Standard Bible (with notes), English Standard Version (with notes), New International Version (with notes), King James Version, New King James Version (with notes), Darby's New Translation, Young's Literal Translation, the Amplified Bible, Contemporary English Version, the New Living Translation, The Message, and a modern-spelling edition of Wycliffe's New Testament. Search on whole words, parts of words, or phrases.
The Unbound Bible. At Biola University. English versions include the New American Standard Bible, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English, Darby's New Translation, the Douay-Rheims version (Challoner revision), King James Version, Webster's revision of the KJV, Weymouth's NT, Young's Literal Translation. Texts include the Hebrew Old Testament, the Septuagint, the Greek New Testament (in four different editions), and the Latin Vulgate. Learning to use this resource is a bit of a challenge.
The Blue Letter Bible. Here you can search the King James Version, New King James Version, New Living Translation, New American Standard Bible, Revised Standard Version, English Standard Version, Webster's Revision of the KJV, Young's Literal Translation, Darby's Translation, American Standard Version, and the Latin Vulgate. You can also view the Hebrew or Greek text, and for each word of the original text you can see the entry in the Hebrew lexicon of Gesenius (as translated by Tregelles) or the Greek lexicon of Thayer.
Olive Tree Bible. Search or browse the New King James Version, New American Standard Bible, King James Version, Revised Standard Version, Modern King James Version, Literal Translation Version (Green), American Standard Version, Darby's New Translation, Weymouth New Testament, Young's Literal Translation, Contemporary English Version, Today's English Version, International Standard Version, Rotherham's Emphasized Bible, and the Jewish Publication Society translation (1917).
Bible Database Online Bibles. By Brent Maurer. The King James, Webster's, Young's Literal Translation, American Standard Version, Revised Standard Version, and the Wycliffe New Testament online in chapter files. This site also has many Bibles in other European and Asian languages.
Crosswalk.com's Bible Study Tools. There are some recent versions on this site that are not available elsewhere. The catch is, you have to view them in a little window surrounded by agressive ads for the latest foolheaded books and videos. But this may be an appropriate setting for some of the new versions! Included are the New American Standard Bible, American Standard Version, New King James Version, King James Version, Third Millennium Bible, New Living Translation, New Revised Standard Version, Revised Standard Version, Today's English Version, Douay-Rheims Bible (Challoner Revision), New Century Version, God's Word Translation, World English Bible, The Bible in Basic English, The Darby Translation, The Webster Bible, Young's Literal Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, Wesley's New Testament, and the Latin Vulgate.
The American Standard Version of 1901. This site (by Craig Schmoller) is dedicated to presenting the ASV accurately in its original form, with the text in paragraphs and the supplied words in italics. PDF files on the site include the original footnotes also. Very well done.
English Standard Version (Crossway, 2001). The recently published evangelical revision of the RSV, now available for browsing or searching online. Sophisticated advanced search options allow even searching of the marginal notes.
The NET Bible. From the Biblical Studies Foundation. This is a new on-line English translation, featuring thousands of text-critical and philological annotations. For reading only, with no search program. The notes are the really valuable thing here.
New Revised Standard Version. Complete text with notes, courtesy of Dr. Barry Bandstra of Hope College, Holland, Michigan.
New Revised Standard Version, Anglicized Edition (1995). Complete text with its marginal notes. From the Oremus Bible Browser. Also available here is the text of the original American edition of the NRSV (1989) without the notes, and three different liturgical Psalters that have been used in the Anglican Church.
The New American Bible. Full text of the official Roman Catholic version, courtesy of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
Wesley's New Testament of 1790, minus the notes, in book files. Provided by the Wesley Center for Applied Theology at Northwest Nazarene College, Nampa, Idaho.
Good News Bible, British usage edition (1994). Put online by the British and Foreign Bible Society. Also on this site is the British edition of the Contemporary English Version (1997).
Parallel KJV and ERV (1885) — The Parallel Bible. The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments translated out of the Original Tongues: being the Authorised Version arranged in parallel columns with the Revised Version (Oxford University Press, 1885).
The New Testament as translated by Cambell, Doddrige, and Macknight. The New Testament, translated from the Original Greek, by G. Campbell, D.D., P. Doddridge, D.D., and J. Macknight, D.D. to which is prefixed a Dissertation on the Inspriration of the New Testament by P. Doddridge, D.D. (London: Wightman and Cramp, 1827).
Samuel Lloyd's revision of the KJV New Testament — The Corrected English New Testament. A revision of the 'Authorised' version (by Nestle's Resultant Text) prepared with the assistance of eminent scholars and issued by Samuel Lloyd, life governor of the British and Foreign Bible Society, as his memorial of the Society's Centenary, 1904. With a preface by the Bishop of Durham. (New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1905). An attempt to repair obvious problems in the KJV, done by churchmen who preferred not to use the Revised Version published in 1881.
The Episcopal Church's 1903 revision of the KJV. The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: Translated Out of the Original Tongues and with the Former Translations Diligently Compared and Revised, with the Mariginal Readings Adopted by General Convention, Authorized to be Read in Churches, by the Episcopal Church Joint Commission on Marginal Readings in the Bible (New York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1903).
Hanson's New Testament — The New Covenant: Containing I. An accurate translation of the New Testament. II. A Harmony of the Four Gospels. III. A Chronological Arrangement of the Text. IV. A Brief and Handy Commentary. By J.W. [John Wesley] Hanson, A.M., D.D. Boston: Universalist Publishing House, 1884-88), in two volumes: vol. I (The Four Gospels, second edition, 1888); vol. II (Acts, the Epistles, Revelation, 1886).
Weekes' New Testament — Η ΚΑΙΝΗ ΔΙΑΘΗΚΗ. The New Dispensation. The New Testament translated from the Greek by Robert D. Weekes. New York: Funk & Wagnalls Co., 1897.
Thomson's translation of the Septuagint and the New Testament — The Holy Bible, containing the Old and New Covenant, commonly called the Old and New Testament, translated from the Greek. By Charles Thomson, Late Secretary to the Congress of the United States (Philadelphia: Jane Aitken, 1808), in four volumes:
vol. 1 (Genesis–1 Samuel, also here);
vol. 2 (2 Samuel–Psalms);
vol. 3 (Proverbs–Malachi);
vol. 4 (New Testament, also here, here, and here)
Kneeland's New Testament — The New Testament ... translated from the original Greek according to Griesbach; upon the basis of the fourth London edition of the Improved Version, etc. A Unitarian/Universalist version published in 1823.
Thomas Belsham's Unitarian New Testament — The New Testament, In an Improved Version, Upon the Basis of Archbishop Newcome's New Translation; with a Corrected Text, and Notes Critical and Explanatory (London: Taylor, 1808). See also the American edition here.
The Online Bible. An first-rate Bible program you can download to your computer for free. After downloading and installing the program, you can return to the site to add many different English versions, also for free. This is much better than trying to study online at the several sites listed above, because a program on your hard drive is many times faster than anything operated from the web.
The Sword Project. Another program similar to the Online Bible, with many versions and original language texts.
E-Sword. Another free Bible program, with commentaries (including Barnes, Clarke, Gill), dictionaries (ISBE, BDB), and a large variety of translations (including the English Standard Version and the Holman Christian Standard Bible).
Bible Database. By Brent Maurer. Another free downloadable Bible study program with multiple versions.
The Cædmon Manuscript: parts of Genesis, Exodus and Daniel in Old English verse, illustrated with Anglo-Saxon drawings, c. A.D. 1000. From the Early Manuscripts at Oxford University. Extremely large (3-4 megabyte) digital facsimiles of complete manuscripts, scanned directly from the originals.
The Paris Psalter. Richard Stracke at Augusta State University. An edition of the Latin and Old English of the first fifty psalms in the Paris Psalter (ms. bibliothèque nationale fonds latin 8824), with introduction, notes, and glossary.
The Polyglot Bible. By Mark Davies at Brigham Young University. This resource includes the Gospel of Luke in Anglo-Saxon.
The Wycliffe New Testament. Full text of the version online, in original spelling. This is the text of the later version (c.1395), from the Forshall & Madden edition of 1850. The electronic text was created by Sergej A. Fedosov and Brent Maurer.
The Wycliffe New Testament — The New Testament in English According to the Version by John Wycliffe ... and Revised by John Purvey ... Formerly editied by the Rev. Josiah Forshall .. and Sir Frederic Madden ... and now reprinted (Oxford, 1879). Also here.
Searchable Tyndale New Testament at studylight.org. Although this is labeled "Tyndale New Testament (1526)," it is not the 1526 text: it is the 1534 text, derived from the Fedosov transcription (original spelling), with a search utility. Bear in mind that when searching for words you must use the old spelling, and you must take account of the errors in this transcription.
William Tyndale resource page of the "Bibliotheca Augustana" maintained by Prof. Ulrich Harsch in Augsburg, Germany.
The First printed English New Testament. A facsimile edition of the uncompleted Cologne quarto (1525), with lengthy introduction by Edward Arber (London, 1871).
Tyndale's New Testament of 1526 — The New Testament of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ: published in 1526. Being the First Translation from the Greek into English, by that Eminent Scholar and Martyr, William Tyndale. Reprinted Verbatim: with a Memoir of his Life and Writings, by George Offor. Together with the Proceedings and Correspondence of Henry VIII., Sir T. More, and Lord Cromwell (London: Samuel Bagster, 1836). Also here in an American reprint (Andover: Gould and Newman, 1837).
Searchable Geneva Bible at studylight.org. Full text in original spelling, with a search utility. The notes are omitted.
The Geneva Bible. A brief history of the version, and files giving all the annotations of a 1599 edition of the Geneva Bible. Please note: the annotations that are given here (and on many other sites) are not the original notes of the Geneva Bible as published in 1560. Copies of the Geneva Bible printed after 1587 generally contain a New Testament revised and annotated in 1576 by one Laurence Tomson of Geneva.
The Geneva Bible Of 1560. By Bruce M. Metzger. A detailed description of the version, originally published in Theology Today.
1560 Geneva Bible. Scans of the entire first edition in pdf format, each book in a separate file.
1583 Geneva Bible. The front matter and the book of Genesis online in images, from an edition of the Geneva Bible published in London by Christopher Barker, 1583. Provided by the Schoenberg Center for Electronic Text & Image at the University of Pennsylvania Library.
Trench on the Authorized Version — On the Authorized Version of the New Testament, in Connexion with Some Recent Proposals for its Revision, by Richard Chenevix Trench, D.D. Second Edition, revised and enlarged. London: John W. Parker and Son, 1859. Also online is an American reprint of the first edition of 1858, at Google books here and here, and at the Internet Archive here and here.
The Real Douay-Rheims Study Bible. By William von Peters. At this site you can buy a CD or download the entire Rheims New Testament of 1582 in a PDF file, complete with prefaces and marginal notes, in modern spelling. Volume 1 of the Douay Old Testament is also available. Very useful for seeing details of how Roman Catholics interpreted the Bible at the time of the Reformation.
Douay-Rheims Bible Online. The full text of the Challoner-Rheims (a substantial revision of the Douay-Reims done in 1764), with a search utility. Includes notes from the edition approved by Cardinal Gibbons of Baltimore. The same text with notes is here, without search utility. The same text without the notes is available with some special concordance features here.
Douay Bible article from the Catholic Encylopedia. Also here.
Douay-Rheims: A Story of Faith. By Sidney K. Ohlhausen, from Catholic Heritage May/June 1999. A brief history of the version, its revisions and editions. Also here.
Uncomfortable Facts About The Douay-Rheims. By James Akin. A look at the origins, strengths and weaknesses of the Douay-Rheims and Challoner-Rheims Bible. Akin, though Catholic, is especially concerned to debunk traditionalists claims that this is the only "pure" and "official" translation of the Catholic church.
Mombert's Handbook of the English Versions — A Hand-book of the English Versions of the Bible: With Copious Examples Illustrating the Ancestry and Relationship of the Several Versions, and Comparative Tables, by J. I. Mombert (New York: A.D.F. Randolph & Co., 1883). See also the expanded second edition here (London: Samuel Bagster and Sons, 1907).
Condit on English Bible History — Blackford Condit, The History of the English Bible: Extending from the Earliest Saxon Translations to the Present Anglo-American Revision: with Special References to the Protestant Religion and the English Language (New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1882).
Bissell’s ‘Historic Origin of the Bible’ — The Historic Origin of the Bible: A Handbook of Principal Facts from the Best Recent Authorities, German and English, by Edwin Cone Bissell. New Edition (New York: Randolph & Co., 1889). A conservative introduction to the history of the Bible. Part I is a history of English versions; Part II is an introduction to the New Testament; Part III is an introduction to the Old Testament.
Early Bibles of America: Being a Descriptive Account of Bibles Published in the United States, Mexico and Canada, by John Wright. 3rd. ed. (New York: T. Whittaker, 1894).
John Eadie's History of the English Bible—The English Bible: An External and Critical History of the Various English Translations of Scripture, with Remarks on the Need of Revising the English New Testament (1876)
Thomas Turton on the defects of the first edition of the KJV.—The Text of the English Bible as Now Printed by the Universities Considered with Reference to a Report by a sub-committee of Dissenting Ministers. Second edition, corrected and greatly enlarged, by Thomas Turton (Cambridge, 1833).
Parallel Text of Historic Bibles. The New Testament from Wycliffe, Tyndale, Geneva Bible, and King James Version in parallel columns, provided by Mario Valente of New Jersey. See also the same versions for The Pentateuch & Jonah in the same format.
Images of Historic Bible Versions. Large high-resolution images of pages from early editions of the Bishops' Bibe, Coverdale's Bible, the Geneva Bible, the Great Bible, the King James Version (1611), Matthew's Bible, the Rheims New Testament, and Tyndale's New Testament.
Formatting the Word of God: the Charles Caldwell Ryrie collection. An outstanding online exhibition of historic Bibles, hosted by the Bridwell Library, Perkins School of Theology, Southern Methodist University, from the CD-ROM edited by Valerie R. Hotchkiss & Charles C. Ryrie.
History of the English Bible. Here is a tour of the "Dr. Gene Scott Collection" of historic Bibles, with some good images and an historical commentary.
Parallel Latin/English Psalter. By Glenn Gunhouse. Gives the Latin text of the Book of Psalms from the Vulgate with the English text of the Book of Psalms from Challoner's revision of the Douay translation.
Murder, Mayhem and the Making of the King James Bible. Transcript of a discussion of the history of the English Bible broadcast on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation's radio program The Spirit of Things (Dec. 8, 2001). Alister McGrath is one of the participants.
Bibles and Testaments page of the Philadelphia Rare Books & Manuscripts Company. This is a bookseller's site for serious collectors. The descriptions of the old editions they are selling are very informative, providing background information on translators, editors, and printers.
Mace New Testament (1729) at studylight.org. Full text of the version with a search utility. This (unitarian) version is of some historical interest. See my description of Mace's New Testament in the bibliography of 18th-century versions.
A Paraphrase upon the Epistle of Paul to the Galatians by Thomas Boston (1676-1732). An interesting example of paraphrase from the early eighteenth century. Boston was a notable Calvinist author and a minister in the Church of Scotland.
The Reviser, edited by S. E. Shepard (New York: Thomas Holman, 1855). A short-lived journal containing articles written by contributors in favor of the American Bible Union's revision project.
Comparison of Bible Translations. By Christopher Lee Pope, a student at Southern Seminary in Louisville. An intelligent and detailed discussion of differences, in several areas of comparison.
Translating the Bible: Scholars are still laboring. By Barry Hoberman, from the February 1985 Atlantic Monthly. Contains some strange factual errors, but on the whole it gives a very helpful account of the RSV and the plans for the NRSV. The Good News Bible is well described. The Living Bible and the Inclusive Language Lectionary are also discussed (unfavorably) at length.
Bible Translations. By David Robert Palmer. Here is a thoughtful discussion of translation issues, comparison of versions, reference chart of manuscripts, and a new translation of the Gospels by the author of the site.
Bible Translation: Why, What, and How? By Donald W. Burdick of the Cincinnati Bible College & Seminary, from the Seminary Review, XXI, 1 (March, 1975). A Good overview of the whole subject. Favors the NIV.
A View of the Versions. By Al Maxey. Articles on the King James Version, New International Version, Revised Standard Version, Living Bible, New World Translation, New American Standard Bible, and the American Standard Version. Worth reading.
InnVista - Bible Versions. An anonymous site, in which quite a few versions are briefly described and compared. The descriptions resemble advertisements, consisting of uncritical excerpts from dust-jackets and prefaces. The affiliation of the compilers is not indicated, but we note the presence of anti-Trinitarian remarks in at least one place, at the bottom of this page.
The New American Standard Bible: Is This the Answer? By Armin J. Panning. Panning reports the opinions of the Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Translation Review Committee, which rendered a largely favorable verdict on the version. The article discusses at length the criteria for a good version, and applies them to the NASB. Theologically sensitive passages are discussed very thoroughly.
Allan Chapple in Australia gives a long and negative review, published in Reformed Theological Review 62/2 (August 2003). The argument is rather strange. Chapple's main point is that the ESV is not as literal as the NASB, but he prefers the NIV because it is even less literal. He seems to think that there is no call for a version that tries to strike a balance between the literalism of the NASB and the looseness of the NIV.
Rodney Decker (Baptist Bible Seminary in Clarks Summit, Penn.) takes the same tack as Chapple. His review is largely an attempt to defend the NIV against criticism leveled against it by ESV-promoters, by showing that the ESV itself is not perfectly literal. But he ignores the fact that the ESV was not designed to be strictly literal. It was designed to occupy a middle ground between the NIV and the NASB.
Information about the Revised Standard Version. By Roy Davison. This new site, which currently consists mostly of external links, is designed "as a focal point for information about the Revised Standard Version."
What Does Almah Mean? By William F. Beck. This is Beck's scholarly response to the RSV's interpretation of Isaiah 7:14.
The RSV-Ecumenical Edition. By Bruce M. Metzger. Metzger tells of the production and reception of various "ecumenical" editions of the RSV.
The New American Bible. Full text of the official Roman Catholic version, courtesy of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops.
The Revision of the New Testament of the New American Bible. By the Rev. Francis T. Gignac, chairman of the board of editors for the revision. This article, besides giving a detailed account of the NAB revision of 1986, includes a brief and interesting review of the early history of the English Bible, in which the author is very gracious towards the Protestant translators. Also here.
Bible Babel. By Richard John Neuhaus, from First Things, May 2001.
More on Bible Babel. By Richard John Neuhaus, from First Things, January 2006. "The NAB introduces unwarranted novelties that not only further erode what remains of a common biblical vocabulary but are often blithely indifferent to the Church's tradition of theological reflection." Also here.
Demystifying the Controversy over the Textus Receptus and the King James Version of the Bible. By Douglas S. Chinn and Robert C. Newman of Biblical Theological Seminary in Hatfield, Penn. "The six main arguments used by TR-KJV proponents are examined and shown to be fallacious, as the KJV and TR suffer from the same 'problems' charged against the Alexandrian family and its modern translations..." Also here.
The "King James Version Only" Issue. By Brian Tegart. This site presents quite a lot of information on the King James version. Its special purpose is to counter the arguments of "King James Only" advocates.
The King James Verison Defended. By Edward F. Hills. This is a complete book, in which the author presents his view that the King James Version is the preserved word of God for English-speaking peoples. Also here.
Modern Bible Translations Unmasked. (PDF format) By Russell & Colin Standish. An eloquent book-length rehearsal of "King James Only" ideology, written in 1993. The authors are Seventh-Day Adventists. Also in HTML format here.
The Trinitarian Bible Society. This organization serves to promote the King James Version and the use of the Received Text. Many interesting and informative articles.
Advocates of free translation have invented several terms to refer to their approach. The term dynamic equivalence was coined by Eugene Nida in an attempt to avoid the negative connotations of the word paraphrase. Later, Nida used the term functional equivalence to avoid the negative connotations which quickly became attached to dynamic equivalence. Others have gone on to such terms as meaning-based translation (as if there could be any other kind) and closest natural equivalence. All of these terms refer to the method used in such versions as the Good News Bible, Contemporary English Version, and the New Living Translation.
NIV Bible - New International Version Resources. The International Bible Society (which also subscribed to the above-mentioned "Qualifications") has put here some books and articles explaining the method of translation used in the NIV, which sometimes employs "dynamic equivalence."
The History and Practice of Bible Translation: A Brief Survey. By Dr. David G. Burke, at the American Bible Society's Research Center for Scripture and Media. A presentation that focuses upon the work of the American Bible Society, explaining and advocating "functional equivalence" as used in the Good News Bible and the Contemporary English Version.
UBS Translation. Translation resources from the United Bible Societies. More of the same.
The Bible Translator. Fifty-one years (1950-2000) of the American Bible Society's quarterly journal online, in JPEG images. Many scholarly articles on translation are available here, if you have the time to download the large page images. (NOTE: if a dialog box asking for your username and password appears, enter the word "any" in both fields.) A complete database of article abstracts for 1950-2000 is available at the UBS website, with links to the articles.
An Evaluation of the 'Colorado Springs Guidelines'. By Ellis W. Deibler. Deibler, a Bible Translation Consultant with the Wycliffe Bible Translators, criticizes the Colorado Springs Guidelines from the standpoint of "dynamic eqivalence" translation theory. (Read Vern Poythress's two-part response to this article here and here.)
God's Word or God's Words? By Ervin Bishop, Senior Translation Consultant, World Bible Translation Center. The "World Bible Translation Center" is the Bible agency that produced the New Century Version (1991). Bishop's article defends the "dynamic equivalence" approach by arguing against the doctrine of verbal inspiration. His thesis is, "the Bible is the Message of God expressed in the words of men." Also here.
An Open Letter on Translating. By Martin Luther, in defense of his German translation, which sometimes employed non-literal renderings.
We Really Do Need Another Bible Translation. By Raymond C. Van Leeuwen, in Christianity Today, October 22, 2001. Discusses at length the problems associated with "dynamic equivalence" and the virtues of literal translation. Also here.
A Bible for Everyone. By Alan Jacobs, Professor of English at Wheaton College. Criticism of dynamic equivalence, esp. in the NLT, published in First Things 138 (December 2003). Recommends use of essentially literal versions, esp. the ESV. Also here.
An Open Letter Regarding The NET Bible, New Testament. By Daniel B. Wallace, the Senior New Testament Editor of the version. An article published in Notes on Translation 14.4 (2000). Wallace defends some of the more literal renderings of the NET Bible, and offers some judicious comments about the downside of "dynamic equivalence" in general.
Thoughts on Bible Translations. By R. Scott Clark, Associate Professor of Church History, Westminster Theological Seminary, California. Also here.
Does it mean what it says? By Gene Edward Veith, in World, Vol. 17, No. 7 (Feb. 23, 2002). "Secular linguists—such as Stephen Prickett, in Words and the Word and Origins of Narrative—describe the dynamic equivalent approach as 'naïve' and 'simplistic' in its understanding of language ..."
Retuning the Psalms. By Robert Alter, in First Things 58 (December 1995): 45-48. A critical review of a "dynamic equivalence" version of the Psalms. Also here.
Robert Alter's Fidelity. By Alan Jacobs, professor of English at Wheaton College. A review of Alter's translation of the Pentateuch (The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary) published in First Things 155 (August/September 2005), in which Jacobs broadly defends the literal approach to translation for literary reasons.
The Church's Way of Speaking. By Robert Louis Wilken, Professor of History at the University of Virginia. An article published in First Things 155 (August/September 2005), in which Wilken challenges the idea that Biblical and liturgical translations need to use the idiomatic "patois of modernity." Translators and liturgists should take account of the fact that "Christianity is a culture in its own right," and there is a need for the Church to "insist on its own way of speaking."
Unmanning the Bible. By S. M. Hutchens, in Touchstone Journal 15/5 (June 2002). "The goal of the translator must be to transform or reform, not submit to, a conceptually or grammatically deficient receptor language." Also here.
Foreignizing and Domesticating Translations: the Case of Pindar. By Steven J. Willett. This is an abstract of an article which describes the method of "foreignizing" translation which has been challenging the "domesticating" method (i.e. "dynamic equivalence") in recent theoretical discussions.
Why a Literal Translation? By Jay N. Forrest. A good essay from a supporter of the New King James Version.
Relevance Theory and Translation: Toward a New Realism in Bible Translation. By Ernst-August Gutt. A paper presented at the 2004 International Meeting of the Society of Biblical Literature. Argues that dynamic equivalence theory has been based upon "a serious lack in realism, arising from an inadequate understanding of the cognitive processes involved in human communication."
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. By Dr. Daniel Chandler, from his book The Act of Writing: A Media Theory Approach online at the Media and Communications Studies Site hosted by The University of Wales, Aberystwyth. An introduction to the concept of "linguistic relativity," the relationship of language to world view. This is one of the fundamental problems of translation.
Cultural Pressures on Language are Not Always Neutral. By Wayne Grudem, from his 1997 book What's Wrong with Gender-Neutral Bibles. "The pressure to conform to 'politically correct' speech is primarily a pressure not to use certain expressions. But when our freedom to use certain expressions is taken away, then our ability to think in certain ways is also curtailed." Also here.
The Narratives of Jesus' Passion and Anti-Judaism. By Dr. Raymond E. Brown, America magazine, 1 April 1995. A moderately liberal scholar's explanation of how the expression "the Jews" came to be used for opponents of Jesus and his followers in the New Testament, despite the fact that the first Christians were Jewish. Also here.
Translating Hoi Ioudaioi in the New Testament. By David G. Burke. "The problem is not how well the English locution reflects the Greek text or the escalating polemical realities of the first century situation, but rather its effect on the (poorly informed) modern reader."
